On 4 September 1993, in Kenderes, Admiral Miklós Horthy, former Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, his wife Magdolna Purgli of Jószáshely, and their younger son, József Miklós Horthy, are reburied. 4 September 1993 – The reburial of Regent Miklós Horthy of Nagybánya in Kenderes On 4 September 1993, in Kenderes, Regent Miklós Horthy of Nagybánya, whose earthly remains arrived from Portugal, was reburied in the family chapel. Alongside him, his wife, Magdolna Purgli, and the urn containing the ashes of their son, József Miklós Horthy, who passed away earlier that year, were also laid to rest. The coffins were placed under a canopy in the Kenderes cemetery, where the ceremony took place on Saturday. The reburial, in accordance with Horthy’s last will to be laid to rest in Hungarian soil, was initiated by the Hungarian Seamen’s Association. Over fifty thousand people arrived in Kenderes for the memorial service. A total of 56 members of the Horthy family attended the ceremony. The service was attended by many prominent figures from Hungary's public life. General Kálmán Kéri, in the name of his increasingly fewer fellow officers, spoke at the ceremony, representing those with whom he had once sworn allegiance to the Regent. Bishop Lóránt Hegedűs, the clerical president of the Synod of the Reformed Church in Hungary, also delivered a commemorative speech. Countess Ilona Edelsheim-Gyulai, wife of the late Horthy István, Deputy Regent, expressed gratitude at the coffin for all those who made the reburial possible and honoured the memory of the deceased. József Miklós Horthy, the son of Horthy István, recalled the memory of his grandfather in front of the coffin. 4 September 1993 – The Reburial of Regent Miklós Horthy of Nagybánya in Kenderes (Full Documentary Film) The ecumenical church service was led by Elemér Kocsis, Bishop of the Transdanubian Reformed Church District, Pál Szalai, pastor of Kenderes, and István Seregély, Archbishop of Eger and President of the Hungarian Catholic Bishops' Conference. In the crypt, sailors bid farewell to their former commander-in-chief. As the final act of the reburial, wreaths were placed in the chapel – a wreath was sent to Kenderes by Prime Minister József Antall – and the congregation sang the national anthem in tribute. In the park of the former Horthy Castle in Kenderes, a bronze bust of Horthy in military uniform was unveiled. May our Regent rest in peace!

On 29 August 1944, Horthy formed a new government in order to prepare Hungary’s exit from the war. The Sztójay cabinet was replaced by a new government led by Géza Lakatos. vitéz nemes csíkszentsimoni Lakatos Géza But who was Géza Lakatos? Géza Lakatos graduated from the Ludovica Military Academy in 1910, where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He served with the 1st Budapest Honvéd Infantry Regiment, and later with the infantry regiment in Linz. In 1914, he was admitted to the War Academy in Vienna, which was dissolved upon the outbreak of the First World War. He was then deployed to the Russian front, and from December 1915 to November 1916, he served as a general staff officer in a brigade of the joint Austro-Hungarian army. Between 1917 and 1918, he fought on the Italian front. During the time of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, in May 1919, he served at the Gödöllő headquarters of the Red Army, before joining Miklós Horthy’s “National Army.” After completing the War Academy in 1921, he taught tactics and military organisation at the Ludovica Academy. From 1923, he worked in the intelligence and reconnaissance division of the General Staff. In 1925, he was granted the title of vitéz  (a Hungarian order of merit), and from 1928 he served as military attaché at the Hungarian embassy in Prague. In 1934, he became a regimental commander, in 1935 Chief of the General Staff, then a general in 1939, a lieutenant general in 1941, and in 1943, a full general. Horthy intended to appoint him as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, but the position was never formally established. After the fall of the pro-German Sztójay government, on 29 August 1944, Horthy appointed Géza Lakatos as Prime Minister, secretly entrusting him with preparing Hungary’s withdrawal from the war and negotiating an armistice. His government dismissed the state secretaries responsible for the deportations and removed far-right politicians, although some German agents were also included in the cabinet. These agents were fully informed of Hungary’s planned exit from the war. In early October 1944, the Germans declared that Hitler wanted Ferenc Szálasi to become Hungary’s new Prime Minister. After the failed attempt to exit the war on 15 October, Lakatos was taken prisoner by the Germans. On 2 January 1945, he was arrested and imprisoned in Sopronkőhida. He was released on 28 January but placed under internment in Sopron. After the Soviet occupation, in April 1945, he was taken to Kiskőrös, where he was subjected to repeated interrogations. He was released in January 1946 and later appeared as a witness in several people’s tribunal cases. In 1949, he was stripped of his pension and had his land confiscated. As a result, he was forced to move to Budapest, where he supported his family by illustrating books and painting silk scarves. The grave of Geza Lakatos (Photo by Jim Nelson) In 1965, with the permission of the Hungarian authorities, he was allowed to travel to Australia to join his daughter, who had been living there since 1957. He died two years later, in 1967. (writer: v.Ba benyecz Attila)

20 August – one of our most ancient and most profound celebrations. It is not only the commemoration of the birth of the Hungarian state, but also a tribute to the life’s work of a man of great stature – King Saint Stephen. A ruler who not only received a crown, but also forged a nation. Each year, on this day, we pause: with bread in hand, beneath the flag, in the light of fireworks, or to the sound of church bells. Yet perhaps we seldom ask ourselves: what is it, in truth, that we are celebrating? And who, in truth, was King Saint Stephen? Statue of Saint Stephen in the Buda Castle Let us now move beyond the trappings and delve deeper – guided by little-known yet fascinating details that bring us closer to Stephen’s true legacy, and perhaps, to ourselves as well. The Beginnings: From Vajk to Stephen Saint Stephen’s birth name was Vajk – an ancient name, probably of Turkic origin, which may have meant “leader” or “hero.” In the spirit of “Christian rebirth,” he adopted the name “Stephen” ( Stephenus ), in reference to the first Christian martyr. The Baptism of Vajk (painting by Gyula Benczúr) 2. The exact date of his coronation remains uncertain – either 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001. In both cases, the symbolism is significant: Christmas marking the birth of the Saviour, and New Year symbolising a new beginning. 3. The crown may not, in fact, have been sent by the Pope – although tradition holds that it was the crown of Pope Sylvester II sent from Rome, it is more likely that it arrived through the mediation of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor. This was a masterstroke of diplomacy on Stephen’s part, balancing between East and West, Pope and Emperor. 4. The crown we now revere as the Holy Crown is in fact much later – consisting of two separate parts (Greek and Latin elements), it attained its present form around the 12th century. Therefore, Stephen almost certainly never wore this crown. Statue of Saint Stephen Blood and Law – The Birth of the State 5. The founding of the state was not without bloodshed – the quartering of Koppány, the defeat of Gyula, the crushing of Ajtony: these were all internal conflicts that served to consolidate Stephen’s power. The new order could only be realised through the destruction of the old. 6. Koppány’s dismembered body was sent to the four corners of the realm – Veszprém, Győr, Transylvania, and Esztergom each received a part. Unthinkable to us today, this was then a political message: the order of the Christian state extended to all. He sent Koppány’s dismembered body to the four corners of the kingdom. 7.The division of the country into counties was Stephen’s invention – the county system, which lasted for over 900 years, originated under his rule. It was one of the earliest examples of modern administration in Europe. 8.The first law codes – Stephen created two codices that laid down the foundations of the Christian order: the prohibition of work on Sundays, the obligation to build churches, the payment of tithes, and the ban on pagan customs. Saint Stephen’s Codex King, Saint, Legacy-Builder 9.His wife, Giselle of Bavaria, played a key role – not only as queen but as a true co-founder of the state. She founded monasteries, brought in missionary priests, and according to legend, personally embroidered a chasuble for the Church. 10.The work known as the “Instructions” is unique in European literature – written to his son, Prince Imre, it contains teachings still relevant today: “A country with one language and one custom is weak and fragile.” Early Christian humanism, tolerance, and wisdom. 11.The tragic death of Prince Imre – a hunting accident ended the heir’s life. At this point, Stephen, having exhausted all human means, dedicated his country to the Virgin Mary. This act has since been preserved by the Hungarian people as the nation’s spiritual root. 12.In 1083, Stephen was canonised – when his tomb was opened, his right hand was found intact, which has since been known as the “Holy Right” and remains one of our most treasured relics. The hand was kept hidden for centuries before being returned to Hungary. Saint Stephen’s Right Hand – “The Holy Right” 13. The Holy Right has had a long and adventurous journey – during the Turkish occupation, it was kept by the Dominican friars in Ragusa, and later was repurchased by the Habsburgs. Today, it is displayed in St Stephen’s Basilica in Budapest. 14. The date of his canonisation – 20 August – was not always a public holiday. For centuries, commemorations took place on other days; it was only in the 18th century that 20 August became fixed as the date, though in 1949 the communist regime attempted to reframe it as the “Festival of New Bread.” 15. The St Stephen’s Day procession is an old tradition – spectacular religious parades were held on this day as early as the Middle Ages. Although banned in the 20th century, it is now once again celebrated annually in Budapest. 16. After Stephen’s death, the country remained unstable for 70 years – pagan uprisings, disputes over the throne, and interventions from German and Byzantine powers: the founding of the state did not end the turbulent century, but only provided a framework for it. Saint Stephen’s tomb among the ruins of the Basilica of the Virgin Mary Why Saint Stephen’s Legacy Matters Today Saint Stephen’s decision—to lead his people onto the path of Christianity, the rule of law, and European integration—was not merely a historical act but a choice of values. Today, as the world drifts once again without clear values, and the spiritual foundations of Europe seem to waver, it is especially important to revisit and reinterpret his message. We still see how: - Christian communities worldwide face persecution, - Christian values are mocked or disregarded, - The concepts of family, faith, and nation are under attack, - Our identity is questioned and threatened with dissolution in a rootless world. In this historic moment, it is vital to return to Saint Stephen’s legacy: loyalty, faith, and responsibility. Not only to preserve what he left us but to make it a living reality in our daily decisions, communal life, and national identity. 20 August is not just a celebration of the past—it is a pledge to the future. Saint Stephen calls on us today: let us be worthy of our past and responsible for our future! Long live Hungary!

Our mother tongue is among the most unique of all living languages in the world — and this is not our own assertion, but the unanimous conclusion of the greatest linguists. A few years ago, the Sorbonne University in France conducted research to determine which language had preserved the largest proportion of elements from ancient culture — that is, the original root words, or etymons. The result was quite surprising: modern English contains 4% etymons, Latin 5%, Hebrew 5%, the Pacific languages 7%, the Indian Mundakhol 9%, Tibetan Sanskrit 12%, Proto-Turkic and Turkmen 26%, while modern Hungarian contains an astonishing 68% ancient etymons. The study clearly proved that the Hungarian language preserves more primordial roots than any other language in the world. The Hungarian language on the tree of languages Why is the Hungarian language unique? It is a fact that the Hungarian language differs from all other spoken languages. Of course, every language is unique in its own way, yet there is one feature that sets Hungarian apart — and this lies in its writing and mode of expression. Most Hungarian words are written exactly as they are pronounced. This, in itself, would not be particularly remarkable; what makes it truly exceptional is, on the one hand, the astonishing harmony and coherence of speech, and on the other, the clarity of its expressive power. According to neuroscientists, the Hungarian language has preserved much of the ancient art of visual thinking: the evolution of our words and our metaphorical use of language bear witness to this. Visual thinking is, in many respects, more nuanced and greatly enhances comprehension. There are thousands of living languages in the world. But what does our language mean to us? It is the most important pillar of our existence — a solid foundation that carries our humanity, our family, our people, and our culture; everything that makes us Hungarian. The Hungarian language serves as the ferryman of the nation, navigating the realms of past, present, and future. Today, around 14 to 15 million people speak our language across the globe. In terms of the number of speakers worldwide, Hungarian ranks 12th. According to data from the 1990s, it was taught in 78 universities across 23 countries. The Hungarian language is a fertile ground for profound discoveries in depth psychology — a mirror of the workings of the human soul. Szerelem  (love), védelem  (protection), kegyelem  (grace), félelem  (fear), gyötrelem  (torment), vonzalom  (affection), szorgalom  (diligence), fájdalom  (pain), and vigalom  (merriment): the more than eighty Hungarian words ending in “-elem” and “-alom” perfectly reflect the richness of what lies within us. language family tree In the foreword to his volume of poetry Poetry of Magyar, the English linguist and man of letters, Sir John Bowring, wrote: "The Hungarian language stands far above, alone. It has developed in an entirely distinctive manner, and the formation of its structure reaches back to times when most European languages did not yet exist. It is a language that has evolved independently, consistently, and firmly, imbued with logic — indeed with mathematics and strength — and endowed with all the flexibility and adaptability of sound. This language is the oldest and most splendid monument of national independence and intellectual self-reliance." The famous English writer Bernard Shaw stated: "I can boldly declare that, having studied the Hungarian language for years, I have become convinced that, had Hungarian been my mother tongue, my life’s work could have been far more valuable. Simply because in this peculiar, ancient, and vigorous language, one can describe the tiniest nuances and the secret stirrings of emotion with far greater precision." The poet Ferenc Juhász professed: "The Hungarian language is my existence, my future, and my hope." In Hungarian, this is a grammatically correct sentence. Sándor Lénárd, a writer who lived and wrote in South America in Hungarian, said: "The Hungarian language is like a musical instrument — whoever wishes to play it must practise every day." "The Hungarian language was born from the singing of pagan women. It was the Wonder Stag who shook from its antlers the jewels of the forest, the red berries, so that they might become beautiful words." These warm and beautiful words were written by Gyula Krúdy. Let us be proud of our Hungarian mother tongue! (Source: internet)

On the occasion that, hopefully in the near future, Hungarians living in the United Kingdom will also be able to take pride in a certified replica of the Hungarian Holy Crown, crafted with exceptional precision and detail, here are a few fascinating facts that may still be unfamiliar to some A magyar Szent Korona You can read more about our announcement by clicking on the link below: https://www.vitezirend.co.uk/en/hireink/felhivas---szent-korona-az-egyesult-kiralysagban Did you know that...? 1. It Had an Investiture Role The Holy Crown was used exclusively for the official consecration of Hungarian monarchs. It was not worn during everyday affairs, nor on private or family occasions. Its use was strictly limited to the coronation ceremony itself. The Hungarian Holy Crown 2. It Consists of Two Distinct Parts The Crown is composed of a lower (Greek-origin) and an upper (Latin-style) section. The lower part is formed by an ornate circlet, while the upper part consists of gold bands adorned with rows of gemstones. The cross on the top was most likely added only in the 16th century. The Holy Crown originally consisted of two parts 3. A Prerequisite for Lawful Reign According to tradition and historical law, only those crowned with the Holy Crown in Székesfehérvár by the Archbishop of Esztergom were regarded as lawful kings of Hungary. However, Saint Stephen himself was neither crowned in that location nor with the Crown as we know it today. Over time, the site of coronations changed—due to the Ottoman occupation, ceremonies were later held in Pressburg (now Bratislava), Sopron, and eventually Buda. The last coronation took place in Budapest in 1916. Charles IV on the Coronation Mound, 1916 4. Queens Also Took Part in the Ceremony Queens were also "crowned", but the crown was not placed on their heads. Instead, it was touched to their right shoulder, symbolising their role alongside the king in the governance of the state. The Iron Chest Made in 1608 by Matthias II for the Coronation Regalia, at the National Museum 5. It Was Taken Abroad Multiple Times Throughout its history, the Holy Crown was taken out of the country at least eleven times, most frequently to Vienna. The longest period it spent abroad was over three decades, between 1572 and 1608. The Journey of the Holy Crown, 1438–1440 The Journey of the Holy Crown from Transylvania to Vienna, 1551 The Transport of the Holy Crown to Vienna, 1784 6. Public Display in Sopron In 1622, Stanislaus Thurzó, the Palatine, surprisingly presented the Crown to the public in Sopron: after opening the crown chest, he raised the artefact in the window of the town hall for the people to see. The document, likely issued in Vienna after 9 December 1681, reports on the Holy Crown’s fourth stay in Sopron and the coronation of Queen Eleonore Magdalene Therese of the Palatinate-Neuburg. (Source: National Széchényi Library) 7. The History of the Tilted Cross Although many believe the cross on the Crown has always been tilted, the earliest depictions show it as straight. It was likely damaged in 1638, during the hurried preparations for a coronation, when the case holding the Crown had to be forced open due to the absence of the proper key. 8. Buried After the Surrender at Világos In 1849, following the defeat of the Hungarian Revolution, Bertalan Szemere hid the Crown and the coronation regalia underground near Orsova to prevent them falling into Austrian hands. They were discovered in 1853. The Crown survived the time intact, but the sword had become heavily rusted. The Hungarian Holy Crown Chapel in Orsova (the hiding place of 1849), 1901 9. Evacuation During the Second World War In 1945, at the end of the war, the precious relic was evacuated to Austria, where it was concealed inside a petrol barrel. It was discovered by the American army and kept for several years at the Fort Knox military base in Kentucky. The honour guard of the Hungarian People’s Army paid tribute not to Foreign Minister Vance, but to the Holy Crown. 10. Return from America In January 1978, the United States returned the Holy Crown to Hungary. At the ceremonial handover, it was not the Party leader but the Speaker of the National Assembly who received it. The condition was that the Crown must not fall into the hands of any other country—such as the Soviet Union. Among the American delegation was Albert Szent-Györgyi, who returned to Hungary briefly at the same time. Cyrus Vance, U.S. Secretary of State (left), President Carter’s personal representative, hands over the Crown to Antal Apró, Speaker of the National Assembly, in the Dome Hall of the Parliament, 1978 The Hungarian Holy Crown is the only existing "Holy" crown in the world... the crown of peace, the crown of love and the Nation.

Fourteen years ago today, a historic moment took place when the Captain General of the Order of Vitéz, vitéz Count János Molnár-Gazsó, made an effort to ease the long-standing disputes within the Order and to unite the Order of Vitéz. Following this significant event, he issued the following appeal to the members of the Order. Hungarian Television News Bulletin Dear Honourable Ladies and Gentlemen, As you may have already learned from the press or from the following link, on 29 July 2011 we were finally able to show the world that the Order of Vitéz is united! Unfortunately, there are still some Vitéz organisations that have not yet returned, even though the door remains open. We welcome with great joy and respect the return of our members from other Vitéz groups to the united Order. Those who return will face no reprisals whatsoever; indeed, everyone may retain their Vitéz rank and position! Dear Honourable Ladies and Gentlemen, For centuries, we have suffered under the oppression of foreign powers. Let us be honest: this was possible because our divisions served the interests of foreign anti-Hungarian forces. The division of our nation persists to this day. Hungary is currently enduring exceptionally difficult times. Those of us who think in terms of nationhood must set an example and build unity. I do not believe in the Turanian curse, but I do believe in the resurrection of Hungary. In this nation-building effort, the Order of Vitéz has an important role to play. The current state of the Order of Vitéz in Hungary is unworthy of the last wishes of our founder, vitéz Miklós Horthy of Nagybánya. The Regent established the Order of Vitéz with the intention that it should be a Christian, national force representing the interests of the Hungarian Nation. Unfortunately, the divisions so characteristic of our country have also affected the Order. Every member of the Order deeply regrets this unfortunate division, and I believe every Vitéz desires its end. I am convinced that a united Order of Vitéz would benefit the nation. Therefore, great responsibility rests upon the leaders of the various branches of the Order. To restore and coordinate the unity of the Order, the Ministry of Defence has offered its assistance. On 19 April 2011, the Ministry convened a meeting with the leaders of the various groups. At this meeting, the Ministry expressed its regret over the division within the Order and offered their support towards restoring unity. Groups Participating in the Conference: Order of Vitéz (Legally registered and operating in Hungary under the leadership of vitéz János Molnár-Gazsó) Historical Order of Vitéz Association (Led by vitéz László Hunyadi) Order of Vitéz Carpathian Basin Governorship (Led by vitéz László Vad) Order of Vitéz I.C.O.C. (A chivalric order privately registered in Sweden) The official position was expressed that it is desirable for the unity of the Order to be restored within six months, thereby serving the interests of the Hungarian Nation. During the second part of the meeting, the leaders of each group were given the opportunity to present their ideas regarding the restoration of unity. Representatives of the Ministry of Defence and the leaders of the branches of the Order of Vitéz issued statements affirming that negotiations would continue. In the days following the meeting, I was contacted by the leader of the Carpathian Basin Governorship of the Order of Vitéz. As a result of discussions with Mr. vitéz László Vad, the Order of Vitéz and the Carpathian Basin Province of the Order will merge. The document formalising this will be signed in July 2011. Following recent negotiations, the Horthy Miklós Vitézi Rend Foundation — led by vitéz József László Ajtós, vitéz Ervin Sándor, and Dr. vitéz Tamás Erdős — will join the Order of Vitéz. I warmly welcome all vitézs who have recognised that the division within the Order serves foreign interests and who, understanding this, continue their vitéz duties as members of the unified Order of Vitéz. The Order of Vitéz sincerely welcomes all vitézs with Hungarian friendship. To further the cause of unity, I participated in discussions with Mr. vitéz József Árpád Habsburg. Unfortunately, they maintained a rigid position, stating that only those whom he or his predecessor have personally knighted can be considered vitézs. They do not recognise other branches of the Order and believe that all groups have the opportunity to return to their fold. Dear Vitézs,Having regard to the last will of our founder, I have respectfully declined your offer. The Order of Vitéz operating in Hungary is a military order. We serve our homeland here at home, protecting Hungarian interests, in accordance with the last will of our founder, vitéz Miklós Horthy of Nagybánya. We stand by the proposal made during negotiations and hope that we may unite for the sake of the Order’s unity. I have taken part in several discussions with Mr. vitéz László Hunyadi, the leader of the Historical Order of Vitéz Association. We have agreed that division does not serve the interests of the Order or our Nation. I believe we must continue negotiations in the hope of unification. We have agreed that the chief stewards of the Order of Vitéz and the Historical Order of Vitéz Association will jointly work on a unified admissions policy. Where circumstances permit, we will appear together at commemorations. In the coming times, we will encourage our members to participate in joint events. I believe that in every vitéz group, regardless of who knighted them, there are honourable Hungarian people. I sincerely hope that disputes unworthy of vitézs will come to an end! I call upon every vitéz living in Hungary and abroad to strive for the unity of the Order of Vitéz, considering the fate of their homeland. Let them put aside real or perceived grievances. The existence of our Nation and our beloved Order is at stake. Let us learn from the mistakes of the past! I firmly believe that it is not by the whims of history that Hungarians, including vitézs, still live. God has a plan for the Hungarians and for us, the vitézs! God bless Hungary and the Order of Vitéz! vitéz János Molnár-GazsóChief Captain [signed]

Splits and mergers in the Order of Chivalry   The founder of the Order of Valor is Miklós Horthy of Nagybánya, who was also the first leader of the organization as captain-general.   According to the official position of the Order of Valor, Horthy developed the idea that Hungary needed an organization that would bring together the best of the front-line fighters of World War I, during his time as Minister of War in Szeged, during the counter-revolutionary government of Károlyi.   Horthy finally had the opportunity to establish the organization only after his election as governor on March 1, 1920, but his ambitious idea was already widely known. The legal basis for the foundation was established by Decree No. 6,650/1920. ME, which was confirmed by Act XXXVI of 1920.   The organization operated in Hungary until the last year of World War II, 1945. On February 23, 1945, the Provisional National Government dissolved the Order of Valor under Soviet pressure.   After this, the National Vitéz Chair Liquidation Committee was established, which began its operation under the leadership of Major General Pál Pongrácz.   This organization was tasked with preparing for and then liquidating the Order of Valor. Finally, Act IV of 1947 put an end to the legal basis for the operation of the Order of Valor, which was adopted in 1948.   After World War II, many knights, including Miklós Horthy, found a new home in Western emigration, but the reorganization of the Order of Knights did not begin for years.   The first reorganisation process can be linked to Ferenc Farkas of Vitéz Kisbarnak in the early 1950s, but Horthy stopped these and forbade the reorganisation of the Vitézi Order in emigration. He only permitted meetings of comrades from Vitéz.   In 1956, Horthy appointed the valiant Hugo Sónyi as deputy chief captain, but no other steps were taken.   As a result, there was no possibility of a concrete form of life in Vitéz. After Horthy's death in 1957, the desire for reorganization revived, led by Ferenc Farkas and Emil Justhy Vitéz. At the end of the process, the Order of Knights was re-established in Regensburg in 1960, with the valiant Archduke Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine elected as its Grand Captain.   Therefore, the activity of the Order of the Knights in emigration can be counted from 1960.   Archduke Joseph did not enjoy his position as Grand Captain for long, as he died in 1962. He was succeeded as Grand Captain by Ferenc Farkas, who resigned in 1977 due to his age (he died in 1980). Following his resignation, the See of the Knights elected Archduke Joseph's grandson, Árpád József of Habsburg-Lorraine, as Grand Captain. As a result of this election, Árpád József was the last Grand Captain of the emigration chapter of the Knights of the Order.   Hungary gradually liberated itself from Soviet occupation thanks to the 1989 regime change.   As a result, the Order of the Knights also began to grope around in the hope of repatriation.   One of the main moments of the repatriation process took place on August 19, 1991, when President Árpád Göncz received the delegation of the Order of Valor and held several hours of discussions with them.   A Vitézi Rend delegációja 1991 At this meeting, the conditions for the repatriation of the Order of Valor were laid down. Within six months of the meeting, the Metropolitan Court registered the Order of Valor with order number 6.Pk.68.060 /01, serial number 4227, dated February 3, 1992.   After moving home in 1993, Árpád József assumed the rank of Grand Master and made the valiant Antal Radnóczy his chief captain.   After moving home, tensions gradually increased, which were already palpable during the years of emigration:   · One of the main reasons for this was the National Defense Section established in 1982, which was intended to ensure a significant increase in the number of members of the Order. One of the significant consequences of this was that, in addition to worthy individuals, extremist elements also entered the ranks of the Order, who later began to disrupt the ranks of the Order of Valor. · The other significant reason is that as a result of the knighthood initiations that took place in the 90s, a knighthood of over 2000 people was formed in Hungary, while only 200-300 people lived in emigration, despite this, the vast majority of the Knighthood Chair was made up of people living in the West, which led to a high degree of power. Among the people living in the West, Antal Radnóczy is worth highlighting, who, in his position as captain-in-chief, tried to keep his own people in power and undermine the work of the Hungarian officers. Tensions continued to rise until 1997.   This year, Radnóczy commissioned some of his confidants to form a new organization in Hungary called the "Order of Knights of Valor", thus bypassing the Hungarian leaders and placing his own people in a leadership role within the framework of a kind of coup.   As a result, a joint meeting was held, at which Radóczy's dismissal was announced and the brave István Tabódy became the captain-general of the Order of Valor.   Upon hearing the news of Radnóczy's dismissal, 40-50 of his followers followed the "dethroned" captain, and Árpád József voluntarily stood up from the leadership position and went with Radnóczy (Árpád József was not stripped of his Grand Mastership at the meeting, he left the Order of Knighthood on his own accord).   This led to the first schism in 1997 and the creation of a "Vitézi guild" alongside the legally continuous Order of Knights, with Árpád József as Grand Master and Radnóczy as Captain General.   In the years following the split, the two organizations existed in parallel, but they were constantly negotiating reunification.   In 2000, the position of Grand Captain of the Order of the Knights was taken over from Tabódy by Dr. András Várhelyi. In 2003, Dr. Miklós Bercsényi took over the position of Grand Captain from Várhelyi, who considered his main task to be to advance the unification negotiations.   In 2003, the merger almost took place, but there was a change in the leadership of the separated individuals, as Árpád József resigned from the position of Grand Master (the organization subsequently abolished the position), and Antal Radnóczy passed away, so a "self-appointed captain-general" in the person of the valiant László Hunyadi was appointed to the leadership position, who interrupted the negotiations.   Thus, the rift remained permanent and an organization called the Association of the Historical Order of Knights was established. (The website of this illegitimate association is: www.vitezirend.hu)   In 2003, Árpád József changed his mind, withdrew his resignation and wanted to return to power, but Hunyadi did not allow this, so Árpád József established the Order of Valor ICOC, of which he became the leader, and after his death in 2017, his son, Károly József, became the leader. (the website of this illegitimate society wrote with a hyphen: www.vitezi-rend.com ) Thus, from 2003, in addition to the legally continuous Order of Valor, there were already two "segmented" associations.   In 2004, Miklós Bercsényi resigned from the position of chief captain due to his age and András Várhelyi was re-elected as chief captain. Várhelyi would hold the position of chief captain until 2011, when he resigned due to his health.   During this time, 2 new organizations split off from the Order of Knights ICOC.   In 2007, the Horthy Miklós Order of Valor Foundation, headed by Sándor Ervin and Ajtós József, was established. In 2008, the Carpathian Basin Governorate of the Order of Valor was established under the leadership of Vad László.   In 2011, the position of Grand Captain of the Order of Valor was taken over by Count János Molnár-Gazsó, who is still the head of the Order of Valor in its current form. The Order of Valor currently has two official websites: From Hungary 1992: www.vitezirend.com and the website of the headquarters in the United Kingdom: www.vitezirend.co.uk   The new captain-general immediately began to heal the rifts. The Association of the Historical Order of the Knights and the Order of the Knights ICOC did not want to merge. However, the Miklós Horthy Order of the Knights Foundation and the Order of the Knights Carpathian Basin Governorate sat down to negotiate, as a result of which both organizations merged into the legally continuous Order of the Knights in 2011.   Breakups and mergers table: https://www.vitezirend.co.uk/szakadasok-es-egyesulesek?lightbox=dataItem-m3kpclwt   Unfortunately, due to human weakness, in 2012 a small group left the Order of the Knights and created another illegitimate splinter association called the Order of the Knights of the Carpathian Basin Association. Their website can be found at: (www.vitezek.hu)   The new organization's leader was Ferenc Zetényi Csukás, who held the position until 2015. Zetényi-Csukás was replaced by Aurél Rihmer, who was the organization's leader between 2015 and 2023, a leadership role that has been vacant since 2023.   Based on what has been described, it is clear that there is only one Order of the Knights with legal continuity and legal operation, which is the captain-general of the knightly count János Molnár-Gazsó. All other organizations only imitate its primacy.   “The Order of Valor has a threefold purpose: to reward patriotic virtue combined with valor, to preserve the best of the great times and to ensure the survival of the lineage of heroes, and finally to provide the Hungarian race with a power in them and their descendants that will strike down with terrifying force all subversive anti-state and anti-national aspirations. I plant the Order of Valor in the blood-soaked Hungarian soil; God grant that it may take root there as soon as possible. May it become a mighty oak forest that can defy the storms of the second millennium; may the Order of Valor be the pride of our Turanian race and our homeland, but also, if necessary, its sharp-cutting sword.” (Miklós Horthy of Nagybánya, 20 August 1921)

Is there a connection or relationship between the two orders? The relationship between the Order of the Knights and the Order of the Dragon is not just a simple historical curiosity, but an element that forms the solid foundations of Hungarian culture and identity. This relationship has a rich heritage that deeply reflects the past and future goals of both orders. The aim of our article is to present in detail the relationship between these two orders and to examine the effects that are still felt today. Sárkány Rend The origin and significance of the Order of Vitez: The Order of Vitez was founded by Miklós Horthy in 1920 with the aim of preserving Hungarian traditions. The members of the order included prominent military and social leaders who represented the values of valor and patriotism. By the 1940s, it had more than 10,000 members who actively participated in public life and organized numerous cultural events. The Order of Valor lives on in Hungarian public life today, continuing to cultivate traditions and values. Background of the Order of the Dragon: The history of the Order of the Dragon dates back to the Middle Ages, first mentioned in 1408. The members of the order, the knights, enjoyed special respect, as they fought in defense of the Christian faith. The symbol of the Order of the Dragon, the dragon, symbolized not only knightly courage, but also heroic combat. At the peak of the order's popularity, in the 15th century, it had several thousand members, who actively participated in the campaigns of the time. The relationship between the two orders: A close relationship developed between the Order of Valor and the Order of the Dragon, as both were founded in the spirit of heroism and patriotism. Many believe that Miklós Horthy was greatly influenced by the ideology of the Order of the Dragon, which is strongly reflected in the values represented by the Order of Valor he founded. Cultural influences: The Order of the Knights and the Order of the Dragon had a significant impact on Hungarian culture, especially on folk art and literature. Artists such as Zsigmond Móricz and Endre Ady drew inspiration from the heroic mythology of these orders. In addition, the values represented by the orders, such as courage and self-sacrifice, are still defining for Hungarian society today. State celebrations, such as the state foundation day on August 20, also often evoke the traditions of these orders. Current role and significance: Despite the political changes of the 20th century, the role of the Order of the Knights and the Order of the Dragon can still be observed actively today. The Order of the Knights, for example, organizes more than 30 cultural events annually, which are attended by thousands of participants. The Order of the Dragon, which combines traditions with the challenges of the modern world, is also an important participant in Hungarian cultural life. These traditions provide a common heritage and identity that connects the past and the present. The Hungarian Order of the Dragon is currently registered with the Budapest Metropolitan Court under the name “The Imperial and Royal Dragon Court and Order – Ordo Draconum, Sárkány Rend, 1408.” Dr. v. lemhényi baron Andrew Zsigmond, the retired Grand Master of the Order, resides in the United Kingdom. The current Grand Master is Dr Sir Massimo Tumietto of San Marino. Summary: The connection between the Order of the Knights and the Order of the Dragon is deeply rooted in Hungarian history. These orders not only preserve the memory of the heroes of the past, but also convey important messages for the present and future generations. Maintaining preserved traditions and shared values plays a key role in enriching the Hungarian identity. The relationship between the Order of the Knights and the Order of the Dragon shows that the experiences of the past not only shape the present, but also give direction to the future. In the coming years, it is worth following the events of the orders, so that these traditions can live on despite the challenges of the modern world. Sárkány Rend 1408

Vitéz Initiative for Historical Remembrance A unique and globally unprecedented interactive map is now available on the official website vitezirend.co.uk , showcasing Hungarian memorial sites across the United Kingdom. This initiative not only fills a long-standing gap but also represents a milestone in preserving Hungarian historical heritage abroad. The idea and execution of the map are credited to vitéz Sergeant Róbert Balázs , who worked tirelessly for months to ensure that every site of historical or national significance to Hungarians in the UK—military graves, memorial plaques, statues, churches, and community landmarks—is presented in a dignified and accessible manner. This noble undertaking would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of vitéz Captain Attila Babenyecz , who guided and supported the project from behind the scenes throughout its development. Creating such a map is not only a technical challenge but a solemn mission—to preserve the dignity of remembrance and pass it on to future generations. Why is this map important? This interactive map is the first of its kind to comprehensively organise and display locations where Hungarian history and presence connect with British soil. Many of these memorial sites have long remained scattered and little-known. Now, they are made accessible to all via a user-friendly Google Maps interface—complete with images, descriptions, and exact coordinates. Key Features of the Map The world’s first Hungarian memorial map focused specifically on the United Kingdom A community-building tool that may inspire pilgrimages, commemorations, and educational visits Continuously expandable with the active participation of the Hungarian community Using the Map Interface The map is built on the familiar Google Maps platform, allowing users to plan their routes instantly by clicking on icons. This familiar icon opens the map in full-screen mode, displaying all memorial locations at once for easy navigation. By clicking the share  icon, the map can be shared directly via Facebook, Twitter, email, or embedded on websites using the provided code. The list icon , resembling a small door, offers quick access to the directory of available memorial sites. From here, users can instantly select and view more details about any specific location. The camera/map control tool  provides additional navigation functions, including refined map movement and zoom (in and out) for enhanced exploration. What information does the map provide? The name of the memorial site Its exact address The date of inauguration Names of key participants at the ceremony The inscription on the memorial The creator or commissioning party Contextual data related to the site A short description of the inauguration event One or two photographs of the site High Interest and Positive Feedback The map has quickly gained popularity among the British Hungarian diaspora and those with an interest in national heritage. Numerous responses confirm the importance of this summarised collection—preserving the memory of our past while building a bridge to future generations. A Call to the Community The work is not yet finished. We invite everyone: if you are aware of any Hungarian-related memorial sites in the UK not yet listed on the map, please share them with us! Together, let us preserve the values of the past—and shape a shared future. 🔗 Explore the map here : https://www.vitezirend.co.uk/magyar-emlekhelyek-angliaban

Comparing the Titles “Vitéz” and “Sir” in Historical and Social Context We have often heard this question – particularly in the United Kingdom – primarily from our English friends and acquaintances, but it may also have arisen in discussions among ourselves. If we were to give a brief answer, it would be: yes and no  – but let us explore the subject in more depth. Clarifying the Question A comparison of the titles “Vitéz” and “Sir” in historical and social context.There are certain cultural and functional parallels between the Hungarian title “vitéz” and the English honorific “Sir”. However, their origins, legal status, and social roles are rooted in different historical traditions. The Title “Vitéz” in Hungary The title “vitéz”  gained official status in the 20th century, in the aftermath of the First World War, when Regent Miklós Horthy established the Vitézi Rend  (Order of Vitéz) in 1920. The purpose of the order was to recognise military service and acts of heroism in defence of the homeland. The induction ceremony for new members resembled that of medieval chivalric orders: the Captain-General (or his appointed deputy) would touch the kneeling recipient’s shoulder with a ceremonial sword – a symbolic gesture also seen in British knighthood ceremonies. Members of the Order were granted the right to use the “vitéz” prefix before their surname, which conferred significant moral recognition and social prestige – though it did not constitute an official noble title. Captain-General vitéz Count János Molnár-Gazsó conferring the title of vitéz (2016) Previously, members of the Order were – in certain cases – awarded land grants ( “vitézi telek” ), further reinforcing their social status. The title was awarded based on individual merit and, although a son could petition to inherit it, it was not automatically passed down through generations. The Title “Sir” in the United Kingdom In the Anglo-Saxon tradition, the title “Sir”  is an official form of knighthood, conferred by the monarch – currently the King – in recognition of personal merit. The title places the recipient within the broader framework of social hierarchy and is associated with noble rank, although it does not automatically grant hereditary peerage. “King Charles honours Brian May in first knighting ceremony” (15 March 2023) It is typically awarded for exceptional contributions in military service, science, the arts, or public life. The “Sir”  prefix is placed before the recipient’s first name (e.g., Sir Brian May ). The female equivalent is “Dame” , which confers similar recognition and status. Comparison Table Aspect Vitéz (Hungary) Sir (United Kingdom) Historical origin 1920, Order of Vitéz Medieval chivalric system Nature of the title Honorific, based on military merit Royal knighthood Legal status Moral recognition, not a noble title Legally recognised noble rank Inheritance Limited, by petition Not hereditary Female equivalent None officially Dame Form of address “vitéz” + surname “Sir” + first name Modern use Part of civilian and military tradition-keeping Official state honour Conclusion The titles “vitéz”  and “Sir”  both serve as formal recognition by the nation or state, honouring the recipient’s service and merit. While “Sir”  remains an official part of the British system of nobility, the “vitéz”  title upholds the Hungarian tradition of military honour – symbolically noble, but not conferring actual nobility. Thus, while functional parallels can be drawn between the two, they differ significantly in legal status and historical foundation.

What is the I.C.O.C., and does it bear any relevance to the Order of Vitéz? To the average reader who does not regularly follow the activities of the Order of Vitéz or is not fully familiar with its historical development, it is likely that they have no awareness of what the I.C.O.C. might be. The Founding of the I.C.O.C. The International Commission for Orders of Chivalry (I.C.O.C.) was established on 21 August 1960, at the Fifth International Genealogical and Heraldic Congress in Stockholm. In 1962, it was formalised as a permanent body in Edinburgh. Its founder and president was Robert Gayre, who remained in that role until his death in 1996. The organisation’s registered seat is currently in Milan, with its secretariat located in San Marino. International Commision For Orders Of Chivalry What was the I.C.O.C.’s original purpose? The I.C.O.C. is a privately founded organisation and is not officially accredited by any state. Its membership is composed predominantly of individuals, many of whom are recognised scholars in the fields of heraldry, genealogy, and phaleristics. Since 1999, the presidency has been held by Pier Felice degli Uberti. The organisation’s initial objective was to develop a reliable set of criteria to determine what constitutes a genuine chivalric order and to compile a dependable register of such orders; the first Register was published in 1964. Scandals, Forgeries and Questions of Credibility Despite its noble purpose of verifying the authenticity of chivalric orders, during the critical period from the 1960s to the 1990s, under the leadership of Robert Gayre and later Terence MacCarthy, the I.C.O.C. recognised several controversial or spurious orders whose legitimacy was later strongly disputed. The Commission’s impartiality was also called into question, as certain members and their associates received recognition, eventually leading to a decline in its credibility . (source: infogalactic.com ) Between 1964 and 1999, during the tenures of Robert Gayre and Terence MacCarthy, partisan decisions and endorsements concerning the Order of Saint Lazarus and other contentious entities provoked acute conflicts among members. MacCarthy attempted to bolster the legitimacy of these orders. As a result, several of their members and publications were subsequently withdrawn. The source notes that: “…used the ICOC's influence to promote the claimed legitimacy of the Niadh Nask, and MacCarthy's fraudulent nobiliary claims.” (source: historyireland.com ) In 1999, MacCarthy admitted that his familial background was false and resigned. “…In July 1999, the falsity of Terence Francis MacCarthy's claims was discovered…and he resigned from the ICOC.” (source: en.wikipedia.org ) “…The Sunday Times…found that his father was an ordinary working man…recognition withdrawn…he resigned the title.” (source: Sunday Times) After 1999, Uberti reorganised the body, removing the disputed orders, such as the Order of Saint Lazarus. (source: en.wikipedia.org ) The legal continuity of the Order of Vitéz Now that we can more clearly see the questionable credibility of the I.C.O.C., let us turn to how the I.C.O.C. is connected to the Order of Vitéz. In other words, can this connection be considered legal at all? Order of Vitez (forrás :www.vitezirend.com) Historical retrospective According to available sources, the Order of Vitéz was admitted to and registered with the I.C.O.C. in 1962. I would like to remind readers that in 1962 the Order of Vitéz could only operate in emigration, but despite this, at that time it was still unified and there were no internal splits among its members. The Order’s admission to the I.C.O.C. was initiated and handled by its then Captain-General, vitéz Archduke Joseph of Habsburg–Lorraine, through his acquaintances within the body. Archduke Joseph styled himself as Grand Master before the I.C.O.C., although in reality he held the rank of Captain-General. Archduke Joseph did not long enjoy his post, as he died in 1962. He was succeeded as Captain-General by Ferenc Farkas, who, in view of his age, resigned in 1977 (he died in 1980). Following his resignation, the Vitéz Council appointed Archduke Joseph’s grandson, vitéz Archduke József Árpád, as Captain-General. József Árpád, by virtue of that election, became the last Captain-General of the émigré branch of the Order of Vitéz. Source: Register of Orders of Chivalry JULY 1998 (Page 7) As can be seen in the image above, the name of the then legitimate Grand Master (József Árpád von Habsburg) was listed in the ICOC Register of July 1998. The Order of Vitéz appeared under the name “The Knightly Order of Vitez.” The next image below shows the ICOC Register issued in 2024. It is evident that the previously registered name of the Order of Vitéz has now been changed. Here, the originally registered name is no longer used. They are entirely and intentionally 'usurping' the legally protected name and coat of arms of the Hungarian continuity of the Order of Vitéz. Source: Register of Orders of Chivalry 2024 (Page 25) Moreover, the name of the Grand Master (The Captain General) listed here is falsely presented, as we know that after 1997, Vitéz István Tabódy, followed by Dr. Vitéz Miklós Bercsényi Kissároslak, was elected as the Grand Master of the Order of Vitéz in 2003. József-Károly von Habsburg was never the Grand Master of the legally continuous Order of Vitéz. A pivotal moment in the process of repatriating the Order of Vitéz occurred on 19 August 1991, when President Árpád Göncz received a delegation from the Order of Vitéz and held several hours of discussions with them. In that meeting, the conditions for the Order’s return to Hungary were established. Within six months following that meeting, the Metropolitan Court of Budapest, in its ruling no. 6.Pk.68.060/01 dated 3 February 1992, registration no. 4227, entered the Order of Vitéz into the register. After the return, in 1993 József Árpád adopted the title of Grand Master and appointed vitéz Antal Radnóczy as Captain-General. Over time, tensions accumulated after repatriation which had already been perceptible during the years in emigration. In 1997, owing to Radnóczy’s unseemly machinations involving his confidants, the united Vitéz Council dismissed Radnóczy and elected István Tabódy in his place as Captain-General. At that time, József Árpád sided with Radnóczy and voluntarily left the Order of Vitéz.   2003 was a pivotal year: In 2003, Dr vitéz Miklós Bercsényi of Kissároslak succeeded Dr vitéz András Várhelyi as Captain-General. That year Antal Radnóczy died, and József Árpád reconsidered his position and withdrew the resignation he had submitted a few months earlier, as he intended to return to power. László Hunyadi then proclaimed himself a self-appointed Captain-General. The internal disagreements reached such a scale that, as a result, the Order of Vitéz split into three parts: The legitimate, legally continuous Order of Vitéz under Dr vitéz Miklós Bercsényi of Kissároslak. The “Habsburg” faction under vitéz Archduke József Árpád, later known as the I.C.O.C.-style Order of Vitéz. Vitéz János Hunyadi founded the ‘Association of the Historic Order of Vitéz’. Schisms and reunions within the Order of Vitez   Were these events communicated to the leadership of the I.C.O.C.? That is a legitimate question. From what has been described above, it is clear that as a consequence of the schism, a legally continuous Order of Vitéz (whose Captain-General in 2025 is vitéz Count János Molnár–Gazsó) and two club-like entities emerged. Our focus here is on the association led by the grandson of vitéz Archduke József Árpád, József Károly. We may refer to this association today as the “I.C.O.C.-style” Order of Vitéz. Why Sweden? We know from numerous writings that this association was registered in Sweden. Presumably, no one there cared that a genuine, original Order of Vitéz already existed in Hungary under that name, so they registered it under the name of a private individual. (I would merely add in passing that Regent Miklós Horthy explicitly forbade the reorganisation of the Order of Vitéz abroad shortly before his death. In my humble opinion, registering it abroad constitutes a breach of that prohibition.) Coincidence? Let us recall where the I.C.O.C. itself was founded in 1960? Yes, indeed, also in Sweden. Nevertheless, let us not be overly suspicious. Now that we have clarified the circumstances, we have learnt what the I.C.O.C. is, and how the history and legal continuity of the Order of Vitéz has unfolded. (For more: HERE) Let us move on to why the idea for this article arose. To whom, in fact, does I.C.O.C. membership belong? We know that the Order of Vitéz was registered with the I.C.O.C. in 1962. At that time the Order was secretly operating in emigration and could be considered united, meaning there was no internal division. I believe that, in the absence of differing agreements or written accords, that registration belongs to the legitimate and legally continuous Order of Vitéz, irrespective of who and by what connections handled the Order’s admission 63 years ago. I understand that 63 years is a long time and that leadership has since changed everywhere, but that is precisely the point of the purpose of the I.C.O.C.: it was created to maintain a rigorously verified database, where every piece of data is accurate and truly verified. Or is it not? Does it even matter? One might say it is not worth mentioning, since the I.C.O.C. is not an accredited body, and more importantly, in Hungary anyone who has even a slight interest in the subject knows the real history of the Order of Vitéz and cares little for what is thought abroad, since most foreign people have no notion of Hungarian history. The reason I still say it is worth raising a voice in this matter is the defence of truth and historical fidelity. Beware! They are forging. The ‘Habsburg’ association not only monopolises the name and coat of arms of the Order of Vitéz, but in 2019 they created a counterfeit website. Unfortunately for them, the domain name “vitezirend.com” has been taken since 1992, as this is the official website of the genuine Order of Vitéz, so they produced a forgery beside it, a hyphenated copy named “vitezi-rend.com”. After arrogantly claiming I.C.O.C. membership on the grounds that their acquaintance once handled it, and then boasting that they are the only internationally recognised Order of Vitéz—recognised by whom? In Hungary certainly no one recognises them, as innumerable court rulings have stated the contrary. In my opinion, this is not a matter of acquaintances or friends, but rather of honour and integrity. Conclusion: The 1962 admission is officially the rightful inheritance of the continuously legitimate Order of Vitéz, unless history repeats itself in light of the activities of the Robert Gayre and Terence MacCarthy duo between 1960 and 1990. Author: v. Robert Balazs, sergeant

Horthy's Attempt to Break Out Led to His Son’s Abduction by the Gestapo After the failure of the Wehrmacht's Heeresgruppe Mitte in late June 1944, the I. Hungarian Army immediately lost all of its German reserve units in its supply zones, as they had been deployed in the north to counter the advance of the Red Army. On July 23, the weakened I. Army was attacked by a local Soviet offensive on the left wing of the 1st Ukrainian Front. The Hungarian column retreated through Eastern Transylvania (the so-called Szeklerland), near Sepsiszentgyörgy (Romanian: Sfântu-Gheorghe) – as shown by the traffic sign – in the autumn of 1944. On the left, a Steyr RSO (Raupenschlepper Ost) is visible, towing a 40mm Bofors anti-aircraft gun, and we can spot an opportunistic cyclist who took advantage of the chance for a free ride. The Hungarian defensive lines were breached at the foot of the Carpathians on the first day. Within less than a week, the Hungarian Army’s resistance collapsed, and the Hunyadi Line was broken at several points. The surviving units retreated chaotically, with soldiers abandoning their weapons and fleeing. Most of the tanks of the Second Armoured Division had to be abandoned due to a lack of fuel. In an effort to restore order, desertion and panic-mongering were marked by public hangings and sporadic executions under heavy fire. Following the defeat, General Beregfy was replaced by General Red Army Commander Vörös, and temporarily, General Ferenc Farkas took command. Farkas' decisive action restored the situation by the end of July, halting the Hungarian Army’s retreat. The troops were then sent to the so-called "millennium border," the wooded mountain range of Transcarpathia. There, reorganised, the Hungarian Army put up fierce resistance, surprising the newly appointed commander of the 4th Ukrainian Front, General Ivan J. Petrov. Soviet attacks in early August were repelled, preventing the Red Army from entering Hungary’s interior – at least, for the time being. Realising the hopelessness of the situation, Horthy senior seriously considered leaving the war and requesting an armistice to avoid disaster. To this end, he removed the pro-German Prime Minister Sztójay and intended to appoint General Géza Lakatos as Prime Minister, though he hesitated to accept. The process was blocked by Hitler’s envoy in Budapest, Veesenmayer, who prohibited the new government from being formed. Hitler threatened military intervention if these changes were to occur. As a result, although Horthy felt deeply insulted in his dignity, he, under the counsel of his advisors, hesitated to resign. However, he rejected the idea of Wehrmacht officers taking up positions in the General Staff of the I. Hungarian Army, appointing instead Brigadier General Kálmán Kéri and replacing General Beregfy with General Béla Miklós on August 1. Horthy forbade the deportation of Budapest’s Jewish population to the Third Reich and banned the Arrow Cross movement – all in defiance of Hitler’s clear opposition. In accordance with Horthy’s secret plan, these steps were maintained until the military leadership was stabilised. With the army stabilised, Horthy initiated secret negotiations with the Allies – even with the feared Soviets – to secure acceptable terms for an armistice. This was accelerated by the Romanian king’s coup in August, which led to the unexpected Romanian-Soviet armistice on August 23 (also with other Entente powers). Initially, Hitler focused on what he perceived as the backstabbing of his steadfast Romanian ally. Horthy realised that this marked a major shift. The Soviet forces could easily cross the southern Carpathians of Transylvania. Taking advantage of the German weaknesses, he forced Veesenmayer to accept the new government, resulting in Lakatos Géza becoming Prime Minister on August 29. As Foreign Minister, General Gusztáv Hennyey strongly supported the preparations for the armistice agreement. Proclamation of Regent Miklós Horthy to the Hungarian Nation – 15 October 1944 The Romanian-Soviet-Hungarian relations rapidly shifted after August 25. Romanian troops launched local attacks on border towns without a formal declaration of war, which only came on September 7. During a six-day military operation, they captured Arad by September 13 but were forced to retreat within a week due to being outnumbered. In the midst of the Transylvanian battles, on September 9, the Third Hungarian Army, including the IV. and VII. Corps and the 1st Armoured Division, launched an attack towards Arad. The Third Army was officially formed on September 19 under the command of Lieutenant General József Heszlényi. Although they took Arad on the 13th, they were forced to abandon it a week later due to a Soviet-Romanian counterattack. The commander of the Second Army, General Lajos Veress – although from Transylvania himself – ordered a retreat on October 10 to prevent the destruction of Kolozsvár. By September 24, Soviet forces had crossed the pre-war borders and, by early October, launched an attack across the Hungarian plains, targeting Budapest. Marshal Malinovsky’s original plan to capture the capital in October was delayed by three and a half months, meaning Budapest was only reached later. As the Soviet advance intensified, Horthy accelerated his efforts to withdraw. This was facilitated by István Náday’s flight to Italy on September 22 to initiate peace talks through British-Italian channels, but the British refused to attend. The Hungarian delegation, led by Gábor Faragho, then headed to Moscow, arriving on October 1. The Soviets accepted the talks but, instead of the Finnish model, proposed terms similar to the Romanian ones: an immediate backstab against the German forces, territorial revision. The Soviet Union signed the Kyiv armistice on October 11. However, Horthy did not order an immediate confrontation with the Germans. He attempted to negotiate politely and remained hopeful for a fair agreement. This approach, however, proved naïve. Meanwhile, the Germans had prepared Operation Panzerfaust to prevent the Hungarian reversal, in which both Beregfy and Szálasi could play a role. The operation began on Sunday morning, October 15, with the "Micky Maus" operation. Under the command of SS-Hauptsturmannführer Otto Skorzeny, the Gestapo kidnapped Horthy’s son at 8:30 a.m. An hour later, General Guderian issued an ultimatum declaring Hungary to be a battlefield, and only the German high command could issue orders. Nevertheless, Horthy continued with his plans: At 11:00 a.m., he announced on the radio that Hungary would leave the war and request an armistice from the Soviet Union – however, the Germans immediately launched Operation Panzerfaust. Though the radio transmitters were silenced, Horthy’s message was still broadcast. However, chaos broke out in the Hungarian Army: General Vörös ordered that the army not cease fire but wait for further instructions. Lakatos hesitated. Meanwhile, the Germans and the Arrow Cross quickly took control of the radio and other key points in Budapest. "Operation Trojan Horse" With the abduction of Horthy’s son and the Arrow Cross takeover, Horthy was gradually squeezed out of power, and on October 16, Szálasi was installed in power. On October 17 at 5 p.m., Horthy was interned by the Germans at the Hirschberg Castle, ending his active role, while his son was sent to the Dachau concentration camp. Horthy's failure ended with just twelve hours of grace. This unsuccessful breakout attempt forced Hungary into a full-scale war for eight months. Horthy did not want to fight in the war; he tried everything to keep Hungary out of it, but sadly failed. As a result, the Red Army treated the Hungarians as "fascist enemies," just like the Germans, and treated them accordingly. (source: warhistory.org )